University of Ottawa (was St. Joseph's College)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
July 13, 2007:
Thanks to Anne Burgess for the following:
The following document contains a lot of social and Catholic history of Bytown in the 1840's and 1850's.
Source: CCHA, Report, 15 (1947-1948), 61-69
Online Source: www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1947-48/O'Reilly.htm
The College of Bytown 1848 - 1856
by JOHN B. O'REILLY, M.A.
Read by the Rev. Francis Corkery
Photo Source: Planted By Flowing Water, The Diocese of Ottawa, 1847-1997
In this year of Grace, 1948. the Pontifical University of Ottawa
commemorates with befitting solemnity the first centenary of its history. In
the retrospect of one hundred years no one can fail to realize that this
seat of learning has contributed generously and wisely to the religions,
cultural, and scientific development of two nations, Canada and the United
States. Founded amid poverty and turmoil in 1848, the year of the Great
Revolutions, St. Joseph's College, Bytown, grew under the guiding hand of the
founding fathers and their successors into Ottawa College with the rank of a
civil university. The immortal Pope Leo XIII gave to the institution the
greatest honor within his power, a pontifical charter which empowered the
university to confer in the name of the Holy See academic degrees in every
branch of Sacred Sciences. The history of the Pontifical University of
Ottawa may be divided Into four periods; the First College of Bytown 1848 to
1853; the Second College of Bytown 1853 to 1856; Ottawa College and the
Pontifical University of Ottawa 1856 to the disastrous fire, December 2,
1903; Rebuilding and Expansion, 1904 to 1948. The title of this paper is the
College of Bytown, 1848 to 1856. During this period the college occupied two
buildings situated in Lower Town. Each of these buildings has its own
particular history which is told in detail here for the first time. The
second part of the story will be told at another time and in another place.
No Canadian bishop has left greater mark on the history of the entire
Catholic Church than Msgr. Ignace Bourget of Montreal.
April 17, 2010: (map showing the dioceses and archdioceses added)
Photo Source: http://www.grandquebec.com/gens-du-pays/mgr-ignace-bourget/
Monseigneur Ignace Bourget, Bishop of Montreal
With a Pauline solicitude for the welfare of all the churches he begged his friend
Msgr. Patrick Phelan, Co-adjutor Bishop of Kingston,
Photo Source: Built on a Rock, by Louis J. Flynn, page 33.
to confide the care of the parish of Bytown and its missions to the Oblate Fathers.
With unlimited confidence in the Providence of God, he foretold that with the zeal and
sacrifice of these heroic missionaries, Catholic institutions would soon
arise in a rapidly expanding Bytown, churches and schools, a hospital and an
orphanage and, most significant of all, a college, made possible in a few
years time, with aid from France. Here is the first mention of the College
of Bytown. It can be read in Msgr. Bourget's letter to Bishop Phelan,
December 29, 1843. The date is significant for Father Pierre-Adrien Telmon,
the first Oblate of Bytown, did not reach the future capital of Canada until
January 25, 1844. No one will question Msgr. Bourget's judgment that Bytown,
situated in a central position between the two Canadas was an ideal location
for a college. It had been said earlier in the editorial comment of the
Bytown Gazette, January 16, 1840, when it expressed surprise that the new
Scotch College, now Queen's University, should be placed in Kingston. "Being
designed for the accommodation of both provinces," wrote the editor of the
Bytown Gazette with reasonable logic, "this institution, (Queen's
University) ought to have been placed in as central position as possible; so
why not Bytown? In the Constitution of the Kirk there is already a
sufficient spice of Republicanism, so why not place the seat of learning for
educating her future ministers as remote as possible from the contagion of
Democratic principles?"
The building of a Catholic college for the education of priests and
laymen was a greatly different matter. Judged by worldly standards Msgr.
Bourget's foresight was sheer folly. In the roaring forties, Bytown was a
rambling military and lumber center into which hundreds of young men, French
Canadians and Irish immigrants, flocked, annually seeking employment in the
lumber camps. More often than not they waited for months before finding
work. This enforced idleness led to dissipation. Brawls, street fights, and
bloodshed were of such frequent occurrence that for the law-abiding citizens
with an Old Testament turn of mind, Bytown. and Babylon were synonymous. The
feud between the Irish and French Catholics was so bitter that even the very
stones cried out. The construction of the new parish church, now the
Basilica (Cathedral) of Ottawa, was halted and nothing could be done until peace was
restored months later. This building was designed and founded by the pastor
of Bytown, Father John Francis Cannon, a member of a great Quebec family
whose distinguished sons have adorned the Canadian priesthood and judiciary.
He was the grandson of an Irish settler, Edward Cannon, the architect and
builder of the Anglican Cathedral, Quebec. The corner stone of the Bytown
parish church was placed by Msgr. Charles-Auguste-Maire-Joseph, Comte de
Forbin-Janson, Bishop of Nancy and Toul, October 25, 1841. When a year and a
day had passed, Father Cannon had resigned, in despair, to take up a more
congenial charge, the chaplaincy of Kingston penitentiary. His successor,
Father Patrick Phelan, priest of St. Sulpice and Vicar-general of the
diocese of Kingston, was installed October 26, 1842. Father Phelan was, like
Father Cannon, an experienced bilingual pastor. He was the founder of the
historic parish of St. Columban, in the rugged Laurentians, in whose
hospitable rectory, presided over at this date by Father John Falvey, three
bishops, Msgr. Bourget, Msgr. Prince, Co-adjutor Bishop of Montreal and
later first Bishop of St. Hyacinthe, and Msgr. Guignes, first Bishop of
Ottawa, planned the expansion of the church in Canada and mastered the
English language.
When Father Phelan arrived in Bytown his parish numbered 2,362 souls.
Six years later, when the college of Bytown was opened the Catholic
population was considerably more than double that. With the aid of his two
assistants, Fathers Benoni-Joseph Leclaire and Hyppolite Moreau, Father
Phelan restored peace and order. It was not his lot to do more for his
impoverished and illiterate parishioners. Nominated on February 20, 1843, by
Pope Gregory XVI, titular bishop of Carrha and co-adjutor to Msgr. Gaulin,
Bishop of Kingston, who was mentally incapacitated, Msgr. Phelan was
consecrated in the Cathedral of Montreal, August 20, 1843, by Msgr. Bourget,
assisted by Msgr. Pierre-Flavien Turgeon, Coadjutor Bishop of Quebec and
Msgr. Michael Power, Bishop of Toronto. His first episcopal duty was to
provide a successor in Bytown. Msgr. Bourget, who was responsible for his
promotion, prepared the way. He wrote to Msgr. Charles-Joseph-Eugene de
Mazenod, Bishop of Marseilles and founder of the Oblates of Mary-Immaculate
and to Father Jean-Baptiste Honorat, Superior of the Oblates in Canada and
he obtained from both the permission to establish the order in Bytown. In
spite of this, Bishop Phelan hesitated to give his final decision, None of
the Oblates in Canada were of Irish birth; none of them knew English except
Father Damase Dandurand, the first Canadian vocation to the Oblates of Mary
Immaculate, who died April 21, 1921, at the age of 103, the oldest priest in
the entire Catholic world. Life in Bytown and the missions among the
lumberjacks and the Indians required priests of apostolic fortitude.
Speaking with the vision of a prophet and with the wisdom of a saint, Msgr.
Bourget won the consent of his confrere and in this he was not mistaken.
Bishop Phelan had at last made up his mind to confide the care of the church
in the Ottawa Valley to the Oblate Fathers.
On January 14, 1844, Msgr. Phelan wrote to Father Jean Baptiste
Honorat, Superior of the Oblates in Canada to complete the arrangements for
the reception and installation of Father Pierre-Adrien Telmon, O.M.L, the
first Oblate to be sent to Bytown. He informed the Superior that he would be
at L'Orignal for the Forty Hours which opened January 22, and he expressed
the hope, if it were at all possible, that Father Telmon should join him
there. In the rectory of L'Orignal Msgr. Phelan greeted his successor in the
parish of Bytown with a warm and a cordial welcome. With the closing of
Forty Hours they set out at once for Plantagenet, then a troubled centre,
"pour remettre les choses qui ne vont pas bien," and arrived in Bytown in
mid-winter, January 25, 1844. Msgr. Phelan remained with Father Telmon for
several days before setting out for Kingston. In the quiet of the parish
house they discussed parochial problems, the need of schools and the
pitfalls of the Bytown ministry. Naturally, Father Telmon needed assistants
in a parish of 3000 souls until such time as the Oblate Fathers could take
complete charge. Two priests were at hand, Father Michael Byrne, who had
been Bishop Phelan's curate since November 13, 1843, and Father Patrick
McEvoy who was ordained by Bishop Phelan, February 11, 1844, a few days
after Father Telmon's arrival. This was probably Bishop Phelan's first
ordination; it was certainly the first sacerdotal ordination in Ottawa.
If one should to-day seek a monument in our Nation's Capital reared
to the memory of Father Pierre-Adrien Telmon, O.M.I., he will find it, not
in bronze, but in flourishing ecclesiastical institutions. In a brief but
exhausting pastorate of four years, he accomplished, where others failed,
the distinctive tasks of his ministry, leaving an indelible mark on the
character of the church in Ottawa. His trials were many; his consolations
were few. With the arrival of a second Oblate father in Bytown, Damage
Dandurand, May 10, 1844, Bishop Phelan transferred the two Irish curates to
other missions in his far flung diocese of Kingston. Racial discord flared
up at once. Bishop Phelan took a strong stand and he confirmed the
appointment of the Oblate Fathers with canonical sanction, June 22, 1844.
Peace was not restored until September 16, 1845, when Father Michael Malloy,
the first Irish Oblate to come to Canada, arrived at last in this turbulent
centre. The grey stone walls of the unfinished parish church stood as a
perennial reminder of the indifference and poverty of Bytown Catholics.
There was an urgent need for its completion, but as Father Telmon explained
in his letter of October 20, 1844 to Mother Elizabeth Forbes McMullan,
superior of the Grey Nuns of Montreal and grand-aunt of the late Archbishop
Forbes of Ottawa, there was a more critical priority. There were no schools
in the parish for French-Canadian children; the Irish had two or three,
which in the judgment of. the parents and the pastor were most
unsatisfactory. In response to the requests of Father Telmon, and with the
co-operation of Bishop Phelan and Bishop Bourget, the Grey Nuns came to
Bytown February 20, 1845 to open a bilingual school for girls. Failing to
obtain the Christian Brothers, Father Telmon wrote to Msgr. de Mazenod
asking him to send a competent Oblate brother to teach the boys. He had
reached the conviction that the only way to have a college was for the
Oblate Fathers to conduct it themselves. In the past few years classical
colleges had been opened in Chambly, L'Assomption, St. Therese and Kingston,
so why not in Bytown? The objection raised in certain quarters that this was
not the work of the Oblate Fathers was quickly scotched by the founder,
Msgr. de Mazenod, when he insisted that his community must undertake every
project which promotes the glory of God and the salvation of souls.
In the autumn of 1847, on a day early in October, Father Telmon
received at his new rectory, 365 Sussex Street, which still stands close by
the south east corner of Sussex and St. Andrew Streets, a message of
historic moment. It came as a joy as he looked out toward Nepean Point with
the empty fever sheds and the temporary hospital built under his direction
by an Oblate brother, which had housed the Irish immigrants stricken by
typhus in the amazing summer of forty-seven. On June 25, 1847, Pope Pius IX
created out of extensive mission territory the new diocese of Bytown; on
July 9, the same year, he nominated the first Bishop, Msgr.
Joseph-Eugene-Bruno Guiges, who still retained his office of Superior of
the Oblates in Canada.
Photo Source: http://www.racontemoiottawa.com/en/38.html
Msgr. Bruno Guigues
With this appointment the building of the college was
assured. Msgr. Guignes was consecrated in Bytown, July 30, 1848 by Msgr.
Gaulin, whose health was temporarily restored, assisted by Bishops Bourget
and Phelan. The scene of the ceremony was the parish church which had been
opened and dedicated almost two years previously on the Feast of the
Assumption, August 15, 1846. White from the mason's hand it was the
architectural creation of Bishop Phelan and Father Telmon, who wisely
abandoned Father Cannon's plans for he had inherited no talent in this field
from his distinguished grandfather. At three o'clock on Sunday afternoon,
July 30, 1848, the day of his consecration, Bishop Guignes took possession
of his diocese, making the parish church his Cathedral. Two days later he
issued his first pastoral in which he announced the appointment of Father
Damase Dandurand, O.M.L, as his Vicar General and pastor of Bytown. With the
departure of Father Telmon for the mission fields of Pittsburg and Texas,
Map. Guignes hastened to construct the College of Bytown, foretold by Msgr.
Bourget and planned by Father Telmon.
Msrg. Guignes came from Longneufl to his episcopal city with one
fixed idea - to build as expeditiously as possible a classical college for
the boys of Bytown. From Father Telmon's letters he was gravely aware of
this imperative need and of the handicaps under which it would be built.
Nevertheless he had made up his mind. As Bishop of Bytown it was his first
responsibility; as superior of the Oblates in Canada he could provide a
teaching staff. Before leaving Saint Columban he wrote to Bishop Bourget to
say that he had learned from Father Telmon that it was impossible to rent a
suitable building in Bytown and that with the loan of $200 and lumber
donated by the local dealers it would be possible to build a college similar
to that at L'Assomption. He asked the resourceful Bishop of Montreal to find
someone to advance the money. Three days after his consecration Msgr.
Guigues wrote again to Bishop Bourget asking him to send the college rules
followed at L'Assomption and Joliette. This letter had scarcely reached
Montreal when the first sod was turned on August 10, 1848. The site faced
Church Street,, now Guignes Avenue. It was the land occupied to-day by the
sacristy of the Basilica of Ottawa. Eight days later the Bishop published
the prospectus, of the College of Bytown in English in The Packet, August
18, 1848. In it he admonished the parents of prospective boarders to enroll
their sons at once, "lest they should not be admitted for want of room. "All
communications to be made (post-paid)" so runs the prospectus, "to the
Reverend Mr. Dandurand, priest O.M.I. or to any other priest at the
Cathedral. The college will be opened on the 27th of September next." The
work of the building, supervised by Father Dandurand, was rushed at top
speed. By the opening date set by the Bishop the class rooms were ready.
Early in October it was finished and the boarders went into residence; only
two months had passed since the turning of the first sod.
In the early morning, Wednesday, September 27, 1848, Msgr. Guignes in
the presence of the staff, the students and their parents inaugurated the
College of Bytown. The structure, eighty feet long, about twenty feet from
the ground to the eaves, and approximately thirty feet wide presented a
pleasant appearance. The first two floors, with their symmetrical windows,
were uniform in style. The third floor, covered by a slanting roof with
French dormer windows removed every vestige of a crude box-like style. The
front door into which had been cut an aperture or a Judas was protected by a
porch. A graceful steeple enhanced the character of the building. While
nearly all the wood used in the construction was donated by the local lumber
yards the entire costs were $250; foundation, building materials and wages,
$200; painting and furniture, $25; steeple and iron work, $25. Having
blessed the college, Msgr. Guignes celebrated the votive Mass in honor of
St. Joseph, the Patron Saint of the college and the Patron Saint of Canada.
In conformity to the wishes of Msgr. de Mazenod a statue of the Saint was
set in a place of honor within the house. Before it Msgr. Guignes lit a lamp
which, like the historical lamp of Mlle de Repentigny in the Ursuline
Monastery, Quebec, has never been extinguished.
From the prospectus of the College of Bytown it is easy to
reconstruct the daily life of this institution a century ago. "The regular
course of instruction" wrote the bishop, "will embrace what is generally
taught in other Colleges. Besides Latin and other classical studies,
Book-keeping will form an essential part of this course. The study of the
English and French Languages, which are indispensably necessary in all
localities where these two Languages are equally spoken, will be likewise
peculiarly insisted upon. To the College will be added an Elementary School
for Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Drawing, Geography, etc. The terms for
Boarding are very economical. Three times during the day, one half hour will
be allowed to the Students for taking their meals in respectable houses
chosen ad hoc, and designated to the Parents, who may therein treat their
Children according to their own desire. The rest of the time will he spent
in the College precints. The terms for Boarding at the College will be Four
Pounds, payable yearly in advance. The Externes will pay Two Shillings and
Six Pence per month. The Meals and Washing will be provided by the Parents,
who, moreover, will furnish the Bed and Bedding; also, a Trunk, with lock
and key." The Bishop's prospectus was a model of brevity combining a clarity
of style with an abundance of capital letters. It closed on a modern note,
announcing the opening of an "Evening and night school" in which "Besides
Reading and Writing, will be taught English and French Grammar, Geography,
Agriculture, Linear and Wash-drawing. This school to be open from six to
nine, P.M." This evening and night school was conducted by two Oblate
brothers, Louis Roux and Cyprien Triolle, who taught during the day in the
new parish elementary school for boys. Among their youngest pupils was John
Thomas Duhamel, who was destined to succeed Msgr. Guignes in the See of
Ottawa. Fifty-five students, of whom fifteen were boarders, were enrolled in
the College.
When Msgr. Guignes published the prospectus of the College of Bytown,
he announced that the frame building under construction was but "a temporary
step towards the erection of a fixed and permanent stone building." It was
used for five years, from September 1848 to September 1853. A list -of
superiors and of the members of the teaching staff of the first college of
Bytown is conserved in the Archives of the Pontifical University of
Ottawa. The names are few in number but each one has a place of
distinction in the annals of the Archdiocese of Ottawa or in that broader
theatre of life, the Congregation of the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.
With the exception of the two Fathers Mignault, who were Canadians, the
staff members were born in France or in Ireland. Three superiors, not four,
presided over the destiny of the first college. Father Jean-Francois Allard,
O.M.L, later a missionary bishop in South Africa, was never a superior,
although his name has been erroneously included in the list. Father
Charles-Edouard Chevalier, O.M.I., was the first superior, holding the
office for one year from 1848 to 1849. When he was sent to open an Oblate
mission in Buffalo, he was replaced by Father Napoleon Mignault, O.ML, who
was superior for two years, from 1849 to 1851. Having taught Latin as an
Oblate scholastic during the first year of the College's existence, he was a
deacon and slot a priest when he was made superior. He was ordained in
Bytown by Msgr. Guignes, a few weeks later, fn October, 1849. His brother,
Arthur Mignault, a seminarian for the diocese of Bytown, taught French in
the college from 1848 to 1851. Father Augustin Gaudet, an experienced Oblate
missionary, served as the third and last superior in the first college
building, from 1851 `to 1853.
Through the pages of Father Henri Morisseau's published and
unpublished biographical sketches of the teaching staff of the first college
of Bytown one learns that Brother Claude-Amàble Tisserand, O.M.I., taught
belles-lettres, and Patrick McGoey, English, from 1848 to 1849. Father
McGoey, born in County Armagh, the primatial See of Ireland, March 2, 1817, was
ordained for the diocese of Bytown, May 6, 1849, and he was appointed pastor
of Plantagenet, June 10, the samè year. Three more priests of Irish
ancestry, Thomas O'Boyle, O.M.L, William Corbett, O.M.I. and Joseph John
Collins, a member of the diocesan clergy, taught in the first college.
Father O'Boyle, born in the archdiocese of Tuam, County Mayo, Ireland, April
20, 1820, was for six years the pastor of South Gloucester, including the
mission of Dawson, to-day Osgoode. When Msgr. Guigues erected Dawson into a
separate parish, October, 1860, he appointed as the first pastor Father O'Boyle
who served until his death six years later. The epitaph on his monument is
the parish cemetery at Osgoode records the fact that he died January 7,
1866, at the age of forty-six, remembered by his parishioners as the "Father
of the Poor and Needy." Father Joseph John Collins, born in Edinburgh,
Scotland, March 14, 1824, came to Canada as a seminarian for the diocese of
Bytown where he taught in the College from September 1849 to June 1850.
Following his ordination, June 23, 1854, he was appointed the first resident
pastor of Saint Eugene, in East Hawkesbury township, which he left in 1864,
to establish the parish at Pakenham. His successor was the young Abbe Joseph
Thomas Dubamel who became his bishop ten years later. In December, 1866,
Father Collins was appointed the third pastor of Saint Patrick's Parish,
Ottawa, where he built the present church which bears little resemblance to
the original plans designed by Messrs. Stent and Laver, the architects of
the first Dominion Parliament buildings. This parish was erected in 1855 by
Msgr. Guignes, who, through the influence of the first pastor, the Very
Reverend Aeneas McDonnell Dawson, LL.D. (Queens) Litt. D. (Laval), F.R.S.C.,
dedicated it to St. Andrew, but somewhere in the turmoil of Bytown, the
Patron Saint of Scotland was forced to cede to honor the Patron Saint of
Ireland. Father William Corbett, O.M.I., born in Cork, Ireland, December 26,
1826, was ordained a priest in Bytown, March 25, 1850, at the age of
twenty-four. This, brilliant young missionary taught Greek in the College
for two years, from 1850 to 1852. Reduced by over work to the condition of
an invalid, as was more than one of his predecessors, he died at the Indian
Mission at Maniwaki, September 1, 1861. His name is the first in the Oblate
Necrology for North America. In 1849, Father Augustin Burnet, O.M.I., a
missionary of uncommon gifts, joined the staff. He had learned English with
Msgr. Guigues in Father John Falvey's rectory at St. Columban. He was a
brilliant preacher and a born teacher who, in the words of Father Henri
Morisseau, O.M.I., taught the teachers of Bytown, Oblates and Grey Nuns, how
to teach, the precursor of a normal school.
Shortly after his arrival in Bytown, Father Pierre-Adrien Telmon,
O.M.I., moved from the house occupied by his predecessor, Bishop Phelan;
into a new rectory, 414 Sussex Street, approximately where No. 6 Temporary
Building now stands. When this proved inadequate, he rented on August 7,
1847, for three years, a substantial stone bouse, 365 Sussex Street, close
by the south east corner of Sussex Street and St. Andrew Street. Here one
comes face to face with the most historic building in the Archdiocese of
Ottawa. The house, which still stands, was the first Bishop's House. It was
the first Oblate Scholasticate and the first Diocesean Seminary where Father
Damase Dandurand, O.M.L, was the first professor of philosophy and theology.
It was the first residence of the professors of Bytown College and the
centre and headquarters of the Oblate missionaries working in the lumber
camps and the Indian settlements along the vast stretches of the Ottawa and
the Gatineau Rivers. On May 1, 1850, some weeks before the lease expired,
Msgr. Guigues moved into his new house, a small and humble structure, built
beside the Cathedral, on Saint Patrick Street at Sussex Street with the
entrance, like that of the Cathedral, facing Sussex St. By the early summer
of 1852, his beloved College had reached a turning point in its history.
Under the Providence of God it had taken root and grown amid poverty and
hardships. By an Act of Parliament, May 30, 1849, it was incorporated as the
College of Bytown, the same day, that, by another Act of Parliament, the
name of the University of King's College, Toronto, was changed to the
University of Toronto. After four years the first college building, which
had been built largely with green elm, was cold and drafty. The grounds were
extremely small and the site was needed for the enlargment of the Cathedral.
True to his promise to build in stone when the opportune time had come,
Msgr. Guignes bought from the owner, Hugh Fraser, who had inherited the
property from his father, Thomas Fraser, the historic stone house at 365
Sussex Street and the vacant land beside it at the north east corner of
Sussex and Church (now Guigues) Streets, as a site for a permanent college.
The building operations commenced at once, - it was the summer of 1852. By
September, 1853, when the work was finished, the desks and furniture were
moved from the temporary building. The historic house, 365 Sussex Street,
served as an annex to the new stone structure. The first and only superior
of this college was Father Tabaret. (Tabaret Hall at the University of Ottawa).
Portrait Photo Source: Library and Archives, Canada,
Building Photo Source: Ottawa: An Illustrated History, page 155
William Topley Collection
His assistant was Father Alexandre Soulerin. The names of the staff are lost. In September,
1856, Msgr. Guignes transferred the College to a new site on Sandy Hill,
where the present Pontifical University of Ottawa now stands.
June 14, 2010:
St. Joseph's Church, Sandy Hill, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
founded in 1857
Photo Source: Planted By Flowing Water, The Diocese of Ottawa, 1847-1997, page 63
Jim McKenna has sent along the web page for the records available at the Church of Latter Day Saints for St. Joseph's Church.
The web page is at http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titlefilmnotes&columns=*%2C0%2C0&titleno=334460&disp=Parish++registers++.
January 1, 2011: Happy New Year!
Added photo of Tabaret Hall in 1903 to the picture of Father Tabaret (above).
E-mail Anne Burgess, Michael Daley and Al Lewis
Back to Bytown or Bust - History and Genealogy in the Ottawa, Canada area